Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to: gain a deep understanding of microbial life, including the characteristics and diversity of bacteria and protists; analyze the diversity of bacterial and protist cells, as well as their structures, functions, and adaptations to various environments; explain plant anatomy and evaluate the roles of stems, roots, and leaves in growth, including the effects of hormones and external stimuli; examine the structure, function, and interdependence of key organ systems in multicellular organisms for maintaining homeostasis; evaluate the coordination of the nervous and endocrine systems in homeostasis and assess immune responses and modern medical interventions like vaccines and antibiotics; analyze reproductive strategies in animals, comparing spermatogenesis and oogenesis, and explain their role in species survival and evolution; apply Mendel’s laws to predict genetic outcomes while evaluating non-mendelian inheritance patterns and genetic variations; examine trophic levels, species interactions, and ecological succession, and assess the impact of invasive species on biodiversity in ecosystems; analyze the mechanisms of natural selection, compare evolutionary theories, and apply the hardy-Weinberg principle to population genetics; evaluate the origin of life, evolutionary trends, and geological eras that shaped the development of life on earth; apply taxonomic principles and phylogenetic analysis to classify organisms and evaluate evolutionary relationships; assess the ethical implications and applications of genetic engineering and analyze molecular tools like pcr and dna sequencing in gene expression.